Introduction

Dr. Rashad Khalifa, a prominent figure in Islamic thought, brought forth a transformative perspective on the translation and interpretation of the Quran. Central to his argument was the idea that the term “Muslim” should be translated as “Submitter,” reflecting the fundamental act of submission to God’s will. Khalifa’s assertions were not merely linguistic adjustments but an effort to align the Quran’s message with its universal applicability. In advocating for the translation of the Quran into multiple languages, he aimed to break barriers that restricted the divine message to Arabic speakers. This article delves into Dr. Khalifa’s rationale, the theological basis for his views, and the implications of translating religious texts while maintaining their semantic integrity.

The Semantic Shift: From “Muslim” to “Submitter”

Dr. Khalifa’s decision to translate “Muslim” to “Submitter” was rooted in a desire to emphasize the universal nature of the Quran’s message. The word “Islam” in Arabic translates to “submission,” and “Muslim” denotes one who submits. Therefore, Khalifa posited that the English term “Submitter” more accurately captures the essence of the Quranic identity. This shift was reflected in his renaming of the “Muslim Perspective” newsletter to “Submitters Perspective” in December 1989. By doing so, Khalifa aimed to detach the religious identity from cultural and linguistic confines, promoting a more inclusive understanding of Islamic faith.

Quranic Universality and the Need for Translation

Khalifa’s advocacy for translating the Quran was deeply tied to his belief in its universal guidance. He argued that language should not be a barrier to understanding divine teachings. The Quran, according to Khalifa, was meant for all humanity, a notion supported by verses such as

14:4, which states, “We have sent every messenger in the language of his people.“

He maintained that the Quran’s essence transcends linguistic boundaries, as highlighted in

41:44: “Whether it is Arabic or non-Arabic, say, ‘For those who believe, it is a guide and healing.’”

The Miracle of Language Diversity

In Quran 30:22, the diversity of languages is presented as one of God’s signs:

30:22 “Among His proofs are the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the variations in your languages and your colors.”

This verse underpins Khalifa’s view that God’s message should reach all people, regardless of their native tongue. The Quran’s universality, in Khalifa’s interpretation, mandates its translation into various languages to facilitate global comprehension and connection to the divine.

Translating Key Terms: Language and Divine Names

Beyond translating the term “Muslim,” Dr. Khalifa also addressed the translation of “Allah” to “God” or its equivalent in other languages. This approach was part of his broader effort to make the Quran accessible and understandable to non-Arabic speakers. By using “God” instead of “Allah,” Khalifa aimed to eliminate misconceptions that could arise from cultural and linguistic barriers, thus emphasizing the Quran’s universal message.

Semantic Equivalence vs. Syntax Equivalence

Translating religious texts like the Quran involves more than a literal conversion of words; it requires capturing the semantic intent behind the language. This distinction between semantic and syntax equivalence is crucial. Rashad Khalifa’s translation efforts highlight the importance of understanding the original intent and context to maintain the integrity of the Quran’s message. While Arabic has unique features—such as its morphological richness and rhetorical eloquence—careful translation can convey its meanings effectively in other languages.

Counterarguments and Challenges

Critics of Khalifa’s approach may argue that the linguistic and literary significance of Arabic is integral to the Quran, making its recitation in Arabic central to Islamic worship. This perspective holds that translations, while useful for comprehension, cannot replace the spiritual and aesthetic experience of the Quranic Arabic. However, supporters of Khalifa’s view contend that the Quran’s guidance and principles are more important than the language itself, as the essence of submission to God can be universally understood.

Conclusion

Dr. Rashad Khalifa’s efforts to translate key Quranic terms and advocate for the Quran’s translation into multiple languages underscore a profound commitment to the universality of Islamic teachings. By emphasizing semantic over syntax equivalence, Khalifa sought to ensure that the Quran’s guidance remains accessible and relevant to all people. His work invites ongoing reflection on how religious texts can be faithfully translated while preserving their spiritual and practical significance. Ultimately, Khalifa’s vision challenges us to see beyond linguistic and cultural confines, embracing a broader understanding of submission as a universal human endeavor.